These studies suggest that a 2–4☌ increase in tissue temperature is effective in improving flexibility/range of motion (ROM) in both animals and humans ( 15– 17). Increasing tissue temperatures by 1☌ is known to increase the tissues metabolic rate, and >2☌ to reduce chronic inflammation, decrease pain, increase blood flow, decrease muscle spasms, and increase extensibility of collagen ( 15– 21). To achieve thermal benefits of ultrasound and increase tissue extensibility, tissue temperatures must be increased above normal levels ( 15, 16). Non-thermal ultrasound has been shown to stimulate tissue repair, reduce pain caused by trigger points, and reduce edema ( 10– 12). Thermal effects of ultrasound have been shown to reduce pain ( 5– 9), decrease sub-acute and chronic edema ( 10– 12), reduce muscle spasms ( 7, 13, 14), and facilitate the stretching of collagenous tissue ( 15– 17). Therapeutic ultrasound is a commonly used treatment for its thermal and non-thermal effects in treating a variety of conditions in both animals and humans ( 1– 4). The heat in the tissues at 5 cm depth is more than at 3 cm depth. At an intensity of 2.0 W/cm 2, temperatures rose 2.48☌ at the 1.0 cm depth, 1.24☌ at 3.0 cm depth, and 1.95☌ at 5.0 cm depth.Ĭonclusion and Clinical Importance: The main findings of the study is that use of therapeutic ultrasound with a 1.0 MHz US for 10 min in horse's epaxial muscles when clipped creates the greatest heat at 1.0 cm. Results: At the completion of the 10 min US treatment, the temperature rise at an intensity of 1.0 W/cm 2 was 1.55☌ at the 1.0 cm depth, 1.18☌ at 3.0 cm depth, and 1.29☌ at 5.0 cm depth. Individual differences in the means was tested for by a Least Significant Difference (LSD) mean separation test. A mixed model analysis of variance (ANOVA) with repeated measures was used to test for differences in these means. Mean temperatures for each time point, location, and intensity was recorded at 30 s intervals. Tissue temperature was measured before, during, and for an additional 10 min after the end of US treatment. Treatments were administered in random order. Both intensities of US treatment were performed on each horse over a 20 cm 2 area for 10 min using a sound head with an effective radiating area of 10 cm 2. Depths were verified with diagnostic ultrasound. Needle thermistors were inserted in the epaxial muscles below the skin surface at depths of 1.0, 3.0, and 5.0 cm, directly under the US treatment area. Procedures: Two 1.0 MHz US treatments, one at an intensity of 1.0 W/cm 2 and one at 2.0 W/cm 2, were administered to the epaxial region. In an additional field-based application, we were able to detect CMV-infected tobacco plants at an essentially 100% level of accuracy.Objective: The purpose of this study was to examine the tissue temperature changes that occur at various depths during 1.0-MHz ultrasound (US) treatments of the epaxial muscles in horses.Īnimals: Ten healthy adult mares with no lameness or orthopedic disease weighing between 465 and 576 kg were studied. Fluorescence microscopy observations showed that attachment of CMV particles to membrane-engineered cells was associated with membrane hyperpolarization and increased cyt. No change in the membrane potential was observed upon cell contact with the heterologous cucumber green mottle mosaic virus (CGMMV). The attachment of a homologous virus triggered specific changes to the cell membrane potential that were measured by appropriate microelectrodes, according to the principle of the bioelectric recognition assay (BERA). As a representative example, Vero fibroblasts were engineered with antibodies against Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) and used for the construction of an ultra-sensitive miniature cell biosensor system. The methodological approach is based on a membrane-engineering process involving the electroinsertion of virus-specific antibodies in the membranes of fibroblast cells. A novel concept for the assay of viral antigens is described.
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